The concentrations of bioelements in the hair samples of Jordanian children who stutter
Section snippets
Literature review
Stuttering is a high frequent disturbance in the smoothness of speech that is described by (a) repetitions of words, syllables, and sounds, (b) elongations of sounds, and (c) obstruction in the flow of speech [1,2]. These behaviors usually associated with physical tension and high speech rate [2]. The onset of stuttering could arise at any time, but mostly between the age of 2 and 5 years [[2], [3], [4], [5]]. Stuttering is a complex disorder and the exact cause of this phenomenon is unknown;
Study design and data collection
The presented research study was approved by King Abdullah University Hospital institution review board (IRB no. 10/215/2444). The 25 participating children who stutter between age of 3 years and 8 years who attend the speech clinic at King Abdullah hospital in Jordan were selected for the purpose of the current study. The control group of 25 normal fluent children were selected from the same families of the stuttering group. Certified speech pathologist screened cases and controls for speech
Results
One –way analysis of variance ANOVA was conducted to assess the concentrations of bioelements in the hair samples of stuttering group compared with control group (The level of significance p < 0.05). Results showed that the levels of bioelemts (Calcium, Copper, Chromium, Magnesium, Manganese, Cobalt, Selenium, Molybdenum, Vanadium, Boron, and Lithium) were significantly higher in the hair of control group than the stuttering group. The results also displayed that the levels of (Iron and
Discussion
This study assessed the levels of 15 bioelements (calcium, copper, chromium, sodium, iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc, cobalt, selenium, molybdenum, vanadium, potassium, boron, and lithium) in the hair species of Jordanian people who stutter. It was found that the levels of 11 bioelements (Calcium, Copper, Chromium, Magnesium, Manganese, Cobalt, Selenium, Molybdenum, Vanadium, Boron, and Lithium) were significantly lesser in the hair samples of stuttering group than the control group.
These
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest for the current work.
Declaration of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interests. This study was supported by the Faculty of Research in Jordan University of Science and Technology No. 20160178.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the participants and their families who allowed us to collect data during the study.
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